Diffusion Osmosis Lab Report - 1295 Words

Ellice Johnson Period 1 October 12, 2012 Diffusion and Osmosis Shown In Solutions Section 1: Abstract This lab, title Diffusion and Osmosis, was centered around the diffusion across a cellular membrane and how exactly materials move and diffuse in concentrations. Both diffusion and osmosis are forms of movement that are part of passive transport dealing with cell membranes. Diffusion is where the solutes move from an area of high concentration to a low concentration. Water goes through the cell membranes by diffusion. Osmosis is specifically the movement of water through membranes. Since osmosis and diffusion are both part of passive transport, this means that they do not require energy or pumps. There are different environments†¦show more content†¦I took the five dialysis tubings which were acting as cells and filled them with 10 mL of each solution. We knotted each end but made sure to leave enough space at the top for water to diffuse in the cell. The initial weight was taken and recorded in a data table. The five cells were placed in a beaker filled with water for 30 mi nutes. After the 30 minutes, the cells were weighed, and the final weight was recorded in the data table, and then the percent change was calculated. The materials used in this procedure were beakers, water, sucrose, glucose, NaCl, ovalbumin, 20 cm-long dialysis tubing and balances. In the inquiry, I predicted that the blue solution was water and that it would have an isotonic environment, meaning there would be no percent change.I first cut the potatoes into 6 cylinders of the same size by using a cork. I got six beakers and filled each with 20 mL of the different color-coated solutions with different concentrations (orange, red, yellow, green, blue purple). The initial mass of each potato cylinder was taken before placing in the solution. I placed the potatoes in the appropriate labeled beaker (1-6) of each solution and let them sit there for 30 minutes. After the 30 minutes, I took the final mass of each cylinder and calculated the percent change in mass.The materials that were used in the inquiry were potatoes, corks, pipettes, balances, scalpels, beakers, and the color-coded sucrose solutions.Show MoreRelatedLab Report : Diffusion And Osmosis Experiment1088 Words   |  5 PagesLab Report Diffusion Osmosis Experiment Sydney Mask INTRODUCTION All cells in the human body are surrounded by a plasma membrane made up of lipids and proteins which form a barrier. The proteins and lipids in the membrane occupy different roles. The lipids create a semipermeable barrier and the proteins are part of a cross membrane transport. To pass through the membrane a substance goes through a transport known as diffusion. Diffusion is movement of molecules from a high area of concentrationRead MoreDiffusion and Osmosis Lab Report2788 Words   |  12 PagesHands On Approach to Diffusion and Osmosis Abstract A. 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Osmosis and diffusion are passive transport mechanisms, meaning that no energy has to be added into the system in order for transport to occur, which the cell uses in its selectively permeable membrane. Osmosis involves the transportation, or movement, of water from an area of low solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration. Diffusion is the movement of solute particles from areas of high solute concentrationsRead MoreOsmosis and Diffusion Lab Report Introduction All Cells Contain Membranes That Are Selectively Permeable, Allowing Certain Things to Pass Into and Leave Out of the Cell. the Process in Which Molecules of a Substance1016 Words   |  5 Pagessubstance move from an area of high concentration to areas of low concentration is called Diffusion. Whereas Osmosis is the process in which water crosses membranes from regions of high water concentration to areas with low water concentration. While molecules in diffusion move down a concentration gradient, mol ecules during osmosis both move down a concentration gradient as well as across it. Both diffusion, and osmosis are types of passive transport, which do not require help. When the concentrationRead MoreEssay about Cell Membrane Transport600 Words   |  3 PagesMembrane Transport Hands-On Labs, Inc. Version 42-0034-00-01 Lab Report Assistant This document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. The Lab Report Assistant is simply a summary of the experiment’s questions, diagrams if needed, and data tables that should be addressed in a formal lab report. The intent is to facilitate students’ writing of lab reports by providing this informationRead MoreBiology Osmosis Lab Report Essay1890 Words   |  8 PagesOsmosis Lab Report by Evan Gerber Claire Cambron First Lab Report Wednesday 10:30am February 20, 2013 Theresa Gburek Abstract The major objective of the experiment was to test the effect of the concentration gradient on the diffusion rate. It was hypothesized that the greater the stronger the concentration gradient, the faster the rate of diffusion would be. To test this, dialysis tubes were submerged in different concentration fructose solutions. We weighed the tubes at specificRead MoreLab Report On Egg Osmosis1023 Words   |  5 Pages Egg Osmosis Lab Report Yen Do Period 2 Introduction: Cells in all living things have an outer layer known as the cell membrane. The structure of the cell membrane consists of the phospholipid bilayer organized by the arrangement of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. 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Flappers, Conservativism and Changes in Fashion - 1103 Words

Since the early twentieth century, there have been many fads and changes in the fashion industry. From cloche hats in the early 1900s, to big hair in the 1980s and to the low rise of jeans of the present day fashion still continues to evolve with the way society changes. The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines fashion as, a popular way of dressing at a particular time or among a particular group of people. Throughout history, fashion has been changing. Whether it is a group wanting to make a fashion statement, or a change in society’s views, there will always be something new. In the early twentieth century, society had a fairly conservative mindset on their views of clothing and their actions. Women’s fashion has become liberal as the years progressed because of the independence that women achieved. After the Women’s Rights movement and WWI, it became increasingly common to see women in the labor force. Women gained independence and wanted to rebel from societa l norms. This is evident of the flappers of the 1920s to the Sexual Revolution of the 1960s. Society’s view on conservatism had changed throughout time. In the 1920s the flappers were viewed as more risquà © during their time. However, compared to the Sexual Revolution of the 1960s, the flappers were far from risquà ©. In the early twentieth century, people dressed very conservatively. Men wore slacks and collared shirts, while women wore dresses or skirts that extended well below the knees. These were what society

Spanish Oral Rubric free essay sample

Oral Exam| Excellent 4 pts| Good 3 pts| Fair 2 pts| Poor 1 pt| Content| Student completes all tasks given and incorporates other tasks previously learned. Mastery of a variety of grammar structures and vocabulary is evident. | Student completes all tasks but does not incorporate tasks previously learned. A small amount of variety in grammar structures and vocabulary is included| Student completes some but not all tasks assigned. Basic grammar and vocabulary are the base of the presentation| Student completes some but not all tasks assigned. Development of vocabulary and grammar is necessary| Organization and presentation| Student is prepared and rehearsed with no pauses. Does not need to use notes. Connects with the class (eye contact, etc)| Student is prepared and somewhat rehearsed. Presentation has very short pauses. Student glances at notes from time to time | Student could have practiced more. Long pauses may interrupt flow of presentation. Student has to rely often on notes or backtrack to a missed point. We will write a custom essay sample on Spanish Oral Rubric or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Had difficulty understanding presentation. Obviously not rehearsed. Too many long pauses or reading directly from notes. | Accuracy (grammar syntax)| Practically no errors. Student shows an excellent command of grammar for his/her level. He/she uses basic and more –complex grammatical structures, generally accurately. | Sporadic errors. Student shows a developing command of structures studied and may self-correct while speaking. He/she uses basic grammatical structures, generally accurately. There are some attempts at more-complex structures. | Several errors. Student makes several errors including common agreement errors, but these do not obscure the main points and meaning in understood by teacher. There is some inappropriate word choice. The student uses basic grammatical structures, though with some errors. | Numerous errors interfere with communication and cause difficulty in understanding. The student uses a limited vocabulary, and has difficulty in finding words. Fluency| Student spoke loudly and clearly with good tone. Spoke fluently, without hesitation or repetition. | Sporadic errors. Student shows a developing command of structures studied and may self-correct while speaking | Several errors. Student makes several errors including common agreement errors, but these do not obscure the main points and meaning in understood by conver| Numerous errors interfere with communication and cause difficulty in understanding. Pronunciation | The student’s pronunciation and intonation are clear and make communication easy. | The student’s pronunciation and intonation have some errors, though thee don’t interfere with comprehensibility. | The student’s pronunciation and intonation have some errors, some of which make understanding difficult. | The student’s pronunciation and intonation have many errors and make understanding difficult throughout the exchange. | Examen Oral del semestre.

Tiananmen Square And How It Relates To free essay sample

The Good Earth Essay, Research Paper The Tiananmen Square Protest ( and how the subjects relate with The Good Earth ) The Chinese authorities at the clip of the Tiananmen Square protest was a communist absolutism that was get downing to follow capitalist economic sciences. The authorities ruled by fright. Many of their politicians were corrupt. There are some types of issues that the Tiananmen Square protest has in common with The Good Earth. In both, there are cases where one individual alterations something that affairs. When the dissenters were being shot by armored combat vehicles and work forces with guns, one adult male stood in forepart of a row of traveling armored combat vehicles, make bolding them to run over him. The armored combat vehicles did non run over him and by halting them he may hold saved 100s of lives. In The Good Earth, a adult male gives up his last nutrient to Wang Lung so that he can feed his kids and maintain them from hungering to decease. We will write a custom essay sample on Tiananmen Square And How It Relates To or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hu Yaobang was general secretary in China until he # 8220 ; overstepped # 8221 ; his bounds and was forced to retire. Near his decease he was public about his sentiment that China should be a democracy. When he died, 1000s of pupils gathered to demo that they agreed and that they wanted China to be a democracy. They began a protest to demand the rights they thought they and the people of China were entitled to. They demanded warrants of human rights, chiefly freedom of address, freedom of the imperativeness, and freedom of assembly. The pupils said that a less corrupt authorities was necessary and that the civil war between mainland China and Taiwan must stop and be no more than friendly competition. Revision of the fundamental law to take everything that supported absolutism by trusting on the footing of category battle was besides a necessity. They besides said that their leaders needed to be held accountable for their actions. The leaders of the Chinese Communist Party were less than happy at the idea of these alterations because they eliminated most of their power and made them more vulnerable. The first few yearss of the Tiananman Square protest had an about carnival like atmosphere. Workers would demo up with their friends the minute their displacement was over. There were 1000s of people shouting and transporting streamers, which gave the first yearss the instead unworried feeling of organized pandemonium. Students from the University of Communications even formed a metaphorical roller coaster by associating custodies and organizing what they called a # 8220 ; traveling democracy wall # 8221 ; . When the universe heard what was go oning in Tiananmen Square , many people could non sit softly and take no action. One 67 twelvemonth old adult male said that when he saw how the pupils were enduring for their cause, it was excessively â€Å"pitiful† to watch and he decided to travel fall in them, conveying the message that both immature and old wanted China to alter. Many of the world’s people supported the Tiananman Square protest by assisting the protesters’ households and directing money and other support. However, there were besides many people who scorned the pupils and workers who were protesting because they were doing pandemonium. The book The Good Earth and the Tiananman Square protest have many similar subjects traveling on due to the fact that they both took topographic point at times when the construction of China was altering. Actually, a subject that played a outstanding function in both was alteration in position. Wang Lung # 8217 ; s position changed when he is able to purchase land from the Huang household because they had been so powerful and rich. Throughout the book he non merely additions position by purchasing their land, Wang Lung and his household finally replace the Huang household in their place of power. In China, merely a few old ages before the Tiananman Square protest, the Red Guard persecuted the once rich ( no 1 was truly rich ) and the educated. Most of the formerly rich and educated became hapless while some of the hapless people became richer. In both The Good Earth and the Tiananmen Square protest dealt with power battle in the society. In The Good Earth Wang Lung owns private land and works really difficult to do it turn nutrient. Around the clip of the Tiananmen Square protest, the possibility of having private belongings was merely returning to China. For about 40 old ages all land had belonged to the community and since everyone got an equal portion of what the land grew and of the crop, about no 1 worked really hard. The Tiananmen Square protest turned into a slaughter when the Chinese Communist Party brought armored combat vehicles and guns into Tiananmen Square and fired. Thousands of lives were lost. The quality of life in China improved for some, but none of the demands of the dissenters have been met. In China, both at Tiananmen Square and in The Good Earth, though many people die, life goes on. It is about as if history is reiterating its ego. In both The Good Earth and in China at the clip of the Tiananmen Square protest, societal category is an issue. In The Good Earth the societal category of a individual may alter really dramatically really rapidly, while China the clip of the Tiananmen Square protest tried to extinguish societal position all together.

Strategic Management- USE The Issues Priority Matrix Analysis Case Study

Strategic Management- USE The Issues Priority Matrix Analysis Case Study Strategic Management The Chinese Fireworks Industry The Chinese fireworks industry applies venture design in its operation. The concept is related product differentiation version, which incorporates many design aspects in order to improve the perceived quality of the firework industrial products. The principle is as a result of innovative ideas on differentiation of products. In this regard, business is ideas are subjected to constructive and critical evaluation in order to come up with reliable venture designs for products. The main aim of establishment of venture design in the fireworks industry is to capture the attention of many customers. The concept is relevant especially when some firework products are rejected in the market place because of being obsolete or poor quality. Research on customers is done in order to establish the effect of the new approach on the customer base. In case there is a market, which can serve as an expanded market, the implementation of the concept will be easy. There a n eed to carry out a cost-profit analysis during the production of the product. The move will help in cushioning the business against making loss. The market with the product, which has been subjected to designing is sold, ought to be large. Large markets have many customers from diverse walks of life. In this respect, the products will be bought by many people. The product designer also ought to be sure of the business idea. The customer should be the major focus of the whole exercise. The product designer should focus on customer satisfaction before commencing on the activity. The entrepreneur should focus on the emotional, social, and financial needs of the customer. The new venture design is boost by the uniqueness of the venture. Anew product design is bound to interest many people in the business realm. Consequently, many people will be fond of the product designing because of the revenue motivation involved in the business. A feasibility study is also crucial because it will re veal the prospects of business idea. The product designer ought to identify the specific target customers of the business idea. The need for the creation of the business side of product design must be established in order to make informed plans.Referencefile:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/1078081_external_analysis_case%20(1).pdf

How Students Can Leverage Part-Time and Volunteer Work - Guest Post by Gary Ryan

How Students Can Leverage Part-Time and Volunteer Work - Guest Post by Gary Ryan The following is a guest post by Gary Ryan, founder of Organisations That Matter. Edited by Brenda Bernstein, The Essay Expert. Summer vacations (or â€Å"holiday seasons† as they say Down Under), are terrific for many reasons. They present an opportunity to catch up with friends and family as well as to relax. For many students, summer means a chance to earn money and/or volunteer (especially if you aren’t taking extra classes). Unfortunately, many students don’t take full advantage of their holiday work. Too often I hear things like, â€Å"I’m just a check-out operator,† or â€Å"I just work at a cafà ©,† or â€Å"I just provide meals to homeless people.† There is no such thing as â€Å"just† a part time job- not if you are prepared to consider the employability skills that you are developing while doing your work! Below is a short list of ten employability skills that part time / volunteer work develops: 1. Communication skills 2. Problem solving skills 3. Initiative 4. Teamwork 5. Technology skills 6. Planning and organizing skills 7. Service excellence skills 8. Leadership skills 9. Learning skills 10. Self-management skills Let’s look at some examples of how you might develop these skills: 1. Communication If you communicate with your boss, other team members and/or the general public, then you have the opportunity to develop communication skills. Here’s a tip: Good communicators are good listeners †¦ which also means that you are good at asking questions. So, develop your questioning skills and your communication skills will skyrocket! 2. Problem solving Problems occur all the time. In every job. A computer won’t work. Another staff member didn’t turn up for their shift. The delivery hasn’t arrived and customers are waiting for their orders. The list goes on. Each of these examples is a wonderful opportunity for you to consciously practice your problem solving skills. Not only that, but you can create a bank of stories about how you solve problems. Can you imagine any of your future employers not wanting a problem solver? Neither can I! 3. Initiative Showing initiative is doing something helpful without having been asked. Every time you see that something could go wrong (like someone slipping on a banana peel) and you take action to stop that from happening (like picking up the banana peel) you are showing initiative. Opportunities to demonstrate initiative are everywhere. Keep your eye out for them and grasp them with both hands when they pop up. They also create great stories that can be used in interviews. 4. Teamwork There is hardly a job that exists that does not involve teamwork. Even if you work alone, you are probably still part of a team. Imagine an interview when you are asked about your experience of working in teams. If you’ve covered a shift for a teammate, taught someone something, or helped out in some other way, you will have a great answer to this question! 5. Technology Technology skills don’t just include using electronic devices such as computers and scanners. Using technology can mean writing on whiteboards, driving forklifts (providing you have a license) and whatever else you have to use to do your job. If you volunteer planting trees, the shovels, picks and other tools that you use are all forms of technology. By having a range of stories about your technological capacity, you can demonstrate your adaptability and ability to learn quickly. Most students don’t even think about these things as being relevant to their future. But, they are! 6. Planning and organizing In whatever work you are doing, show up on time and meet your deadlines. Employers expect it. Practice it and practice it now. 7. Leadership For those of you who have responsibility for a team or other staff, how do you treat the people you lead? What are your mental models about leadership? How are your personal values reflected in how you lead? Conscious thought about these questions can create wonderful leadership experiences for you as well as the opportunity to make relatively â€Å"safe† mistakes. Think about your personal theory about formal leadership. Try it out. See if it works. Learn how to lead by doing it when the opportunity arises. 8. Learning Part time and volunteer work always involves learning one or more of the following: technical skills policies and procedures cash management processes customer service procedures people’s names how to work in a team how to communicate the company mission / vision This list could go on. The point is, notice what you have to learn to do your job. You’ll have a mountain of examples to share in an interview! 9. Service excellence No job is worth its salt if you aren’t able to practice developing your service excellence skills. Quite simply, service excellence is like oxygen. In any job, we can’t live without it. The simplest and best practice to adopt is, â€Å"Everyone is my customer: my boss, my colleagues and my customers.† If you wouldn’t choose to be a customer of yourself, then you need to improve your skills in this area or you will likely â€Å"suffocate† your career. 10. Self-management In order to consciously practice the above skills you have to practice self-management. You will have all had a challenging on-the-job experience. How did you handle it? How did you overcome any negative experiences? Challenges at work require a significant amount of positive self-talk, time management, problem solving and communication skills. Develop them now! Part-time and volunteer work are goldmines as far as developing your employability skills. Take full advantage of your opportunities. The gold in this sense will come in the future when you get the job that you really want. So, enjoy your time off this â€Å"holiday season†- and make it an even more valuable summer by developing yourself in the workplace! Gary Ryan is the Founder of Organisations That Matter, author of What Really Matters For Young Professionals! and creator of the Yes For Success online platform for creating and executing a life of balance and personal success!

Pepsi and Coca cola companies in Australia (report) Essay

Pepsi and Coca cola companies in Australia (report) - Essay Example Various theories will be cited and discussed and then their practical application to Pepsi and Coke will be discussed. Introduction: Â  CONSUMER BEHAVIOR Consumer behavior is an enigma for marketers all over the world. Countless number of strategies and approaches has been designed by marketers to understand the reasons behind why buyers choose a certain product over another similar product. However, a concrete model or method describing consumer behavior which guarantees a positive response from the buyer in the form of purchases or repeated purchases is yet to be formed. Even consumers themselves do not know what factors influence them towards making a certain buying decision. Broadly it can be said that consumer purchases are influenced strongly by cultural, social, personal and psychological characteristics. 2. Company overview & history 2.1 Company 1 The Coca Cola Company is one of the world’s largest beverage companies which manufactures, distributes and markets non-alc oholic beverages and syrups. The company is popularly known for its premium brand, Coca Cola, and therefore also shares the same name. Besides its namesake Coca-Cola beverage, Coca-Cola currently offers more than 400 brands in over 200 countries or territories and serves 1.5 billion servings each day. (Press Centre: Coca-Cola) The mission stated by Coca Cola declares its purpose as a company and serves as a standard against which its actions and decisions are weighed. To nourish the world To inspire moments of optimism and happiness... To create value and make a difference. (Our Company: Coca-Cola) The ultimate objectives of its business strategy are to increase volume, expand its share of worldwide nonalcoholic ready to drink beverages sales, maximize its long-term cash flows, and create economic value added by improving economic profit. (Khan) In Australia, Coca Cola Amatil is the company which has been licensed to bottle and distrubute Coca Cola company soft drinks and beverages in other countries. It is considered as the largest non-alcoholic beverage company within the Pacific Rim. Coca Cola Amatil has expanded itself in the last six years. It has expanded itself to include a wide range of products comprising of water, fruit juices, energy drinks, sports drinks, vegetable products, coffee and water. In August 2006, it ventured into the business of spirited beer brands. It ventured into a joint business with SABMiller and from April 2007, it became the seller and distributor of the products of Maxxium. 2.2 About Pepsi Co Pepsi Co is a Fortune500 company. It is a global American corporation with its headquarters based in Purchase, Harrison and New York. It has vested interests in manufacturing, distribution and marketing of grain based snack foods, beverage s and other products. The company was found in 1965 when the Pepsi Cola Company and the Frito Lay Company were merged. PepsiCo has immensely expanded itself and its product range since then. It now has a n expanded namesake product Pepsi and various other beverage brands to its credits. The company has been immensely successful in terms of revenue generation. In 2009 along PepsiCo’s product lines generated sales were 1 billion dollars each and the company products were distributed in 200 countries round the globe. The net revenues across the globe were $ 43.3 billion and based on these net revenues PepsiCo was named as the second largest food and beverage business in the world. In America it is considered as

Nurse Staffing Issues Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nurse Staffing Issues - Research Paper Example It has been reported that due to lower level of wages, very less people work as NAs, especially in areas where economic conditions are worse. In these areas NAs are paid less than what they can receive as welfare and even health insurance coverage provided to them is less than the amount of medic aid. Due to lower level of wages offered in the field of nursing, NAs work permanently in other jobs and some even have jobs as permanent NAs. Low compensation and heavy work load which drains NAs both emotionally and physically have contributed to the high turnover rate experienced by the field of nursing. In certain health care facilities, the organizations experience a continuous process of training, hiring new nurses and recruiting new ones as in these organizations, nurse turnover rate is very high. Although NAs have to serve and provide aid to acute patients and they are paid less, they still try to provide the best help. Various reasons have led to the retention of NAs although they are not paid well and their job is demands high amount of emotional as well as physical contribution. One reason that contributes to this retention is the NAs personal commitment towards those who require help. Various health care facilities in nursing facilities have made efforts to retain their nurses. Efforts made by them include: assigning one NA to one patient on full time basis, acknowledging the efforts incorporated by NAs and assigning leadership positions and responsibilities especially to NAs who have reached senior level.

Products and services of the organization Essay Example for Free

Products and services of the organization Essay Talent Acquisition Integrated Project Solutions Upon winning a tender our recruitment team in the region is given a list of requirements from the client which they then have to fill within a given time frame. It is also done through recruitment campaigns is one specific nationality is needed for a project. Global Mobility This is a service that we provide for all placed candidates who are travelling abroad for an assignment which involved on and off boarding support, visa, flights and housing arrangements Identification of Main Customers There are two types of customers that the company serves, those who are looking for workforce (the companies) and those who are looking for employment (the individuals). It is not possible to distinguish the percentage of who the company is more focused on as it varies on the region. What differentiates them is that the Clients that looking for workforce either request our company to be used as the resource through a recommendation or through a tendering process. On the other hand the individuals that approach our business while looking for new opportunities mostly use the website as a platform for searching and applying for employment which is then saved on our data base for future reference and use. 3. The companies’ mission and vision is as follows: The above describe the companies’ overall goal that all its branches are working towards on an annual basis. Those vary depending on the region due to different obstacles, structures or legislation surrounding it. Within the Middle East the main short to medium term objectives is to ensure that the existing relationships that have been established over the years remain undisturbed by this such as low quality of work and untimely delivery of work gained through tenders. This is achieved by employing the right people on the right positions to ensure that what has been built overtime won’t be damaged through wrong communication channels. Moreover the company needs to explore possibly needed adjustments in its operations to be able to work  with companies that work on smaller projects besides those which are government driven or large privately run entities. Finally, the company needs to explore and establish whether it is worth expanding into different. Industries within the region due to the growth within Rail and Construction sectors, considering a lot of competition from abroad this needs extensive analysis and research. 4. An analysis of minimum 4 external factors and their impact on the business activities of the organization. Political This factor within the ME Region is very influential. Due to ongoing conflicts in Iraq our consultants have to go through extensive training in case of emergencies such as wars which not only includes very high rotational/ demobilization costs but also involves a number of measures that the company had to incorporate and take into account while setting up the entity in high risk location which are: a separate emergency phone line, a 24/7 emergency contact, amendments to existing employee contacts which do not consider political conflicts; safe transportation, security guards and special camp accommodation which comes at a very high price The economy in the middle east is very good, however it is only accessible to those who have the right contacts and relationships. Also it is very strongly affected by politics. Western Companies have to go through a very lengthy process of registration which requires wasta not only at the beginning but also for certain regular activities which slows down a lot of processes which in h West wouldn’t be an issue. Arab culture is very strong and rules the legislation and all processes and procedures within workplaces in the Region. Introducing the process of nationalisation has had a great influence on all companies operating in the region as a quota on nationals has to be employed by every company which meant that current employees had to be replaced with locals who unfortunately often aren’t keen to work, which creates a lot of issues in the workplace. While expanding in the ME Region the company had tapped into the Caspian Region a few years ago and set up 3 offices in Kazakhstan. However business development and tenders were a struggle due to very common bribery and corruption methods in doing business in this region. AS this is against the companies’ Code of Business Conduct the Board is now considering to sell the business within that region, as it is impossible to develop without breaking the company codes. 5. Structure of the organization The company structure within the ME region is Functional due to the business need. Each of the departments and all employees have a specific role and function that contributes towards the entire region functioning properly Activity B 12 Organizational Strategy The companies’ overall Regional Strategy is focused on growth and development in existing and new locations. This means that all delivery managers are focused on bringing in numbers and new business to ensure high profits which equals meeting their KPIs. This relays to all other departments which like recruiters are pressured to provide the highest level of service and ensure the business’s regular growth. The HR department is there to: Ensure that all incoming business which requires new staff or increased workload for existing staff is worth the effort – preparing PL Reports Ensuring that all departments are equally rewarded, not just the recruiters that are given regular bonuses for placements made. Initiatives for the finance and GM department have been developed. Policies and procedures have been developed to ensure that all employees who join or are currently working for the company adhere to the same standards and are treated equally. All of the above mentioned directly or indirectly ensure staff retention. Supporting manager and staff contribution to the overall success of the business Conflict and Dispute solving -When a conflict arises HR is there to be the mediator and the person that is objective towards both sides. The HR helps to solve the problem without involvement of personal opinions of either of the sides. Conflicts often grow to an extent where other departments get involved and it becomes a personal issue rather than a small work issues that absorbs everyone. This is very unhealthy as it absorbs time and energy of the entire team or within an office where it could be used for positive actions and development. HR is there to ensure that misunderstandings do not grow on such scale and help the teams refocus on their goals as well s the common aim of the office or the region that every employee is working towards. This is crucial to the business because a team that doesn’t work well together will never produce results which will mirro their full potential. Performance Management – HR Provides the platform, tools and expertise to ensure that each employee is assessed on a regular basis and has a chance to express and discuss any problems or issues that they might be facing. It also provides written proof for the managers when it comes to promotions and pay rises at the end of the year. It also provides a source of analysis for training needs and employee development plans which are used during budget setting time. Appraisals, even though for many managers seem like a chore are a very important part of the businesses success. Even when a team doesn’t meet on a regular basis to discuss any issues, the assessment time is when real performers and those who clearly underperform are identified. Having detailed written reviews help to distinguish whether a staff member is worth investing in and having his employment continued or whether he should be let go of at early stages – within the first 3 months when the probation period is over. Without the HR department prompting the managers to complete those above described assessments, the managers often do not realize the lack of someone’s potential until crucial, often costly mistakes are made. Guidance in terms of employee legislation As the legislation in the region changes on a regular basis, it is important that HR has the information and relays it to all employees, and also acts as  the person that is informed of any immigration or legal changes. It is crucial to the business that all laws are followed to avoid any issues not only with employees in case of disputes but also with governmental bodies such as immigration or the Municipality. Following those rules in any country can be a deciding factor during an internal or external audit and ensure that the business can continue trading rather than being fined or even closed down for not adhering to the rules and regulations. Fair treatment of employees To ensure fair treatment of employees and to avoid favouritism, policies procedures and guidelines are developed. All employees are bound by the same rules which create guidelines for their day to day behaviours and actions which if broken and referred to during disciplinary or performance assessment meetings. Having rules in place is crucial to the business as it avoids unnecessary conflicts and issues as well as helps employees to understand and follow the company culture which is reflected within its rules.

Bee start up kits :: essays research papers

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Examine the Ideas of Manliness, Hostility and Aggression in a View from the Bridge. How Are These Ideas Connected?

Examine the ideas of Manliness, Hostility and Aggression in A View from the Bridge. How are these ideas connected? A View from the Bridge: a tragic drama piece, written by Arthur Miller and first published in 1955. Curtained by the never-ending dramatics of the play, is quite basically a fight for an unconditional love, portrayed by a man of whom perplexes his emotions like no other (Eddie Carbone). The play itself is set in the 1950’s; times when masculinity and dominance we’re vital for a man to obtain, and therefore prove to be key concepts during A View from the Bridge. Due to the constant battle to be the top of the hierarchy, a hostile atmosphere is continuously present within the circle of male characters. To be the more predominant man proves highly important; it gives them authority over the female characters, and status over the other males. The play has been written as a Greek Tragedy: a storyline of where a certain person is destined for disastrous misfortune (the Hero). Linking to this, is the opening narration spoken by Alfieri. Alfieri is a lawyer, and as he quotes â€Å"I am a lawyer .. We’re only thought of in connection with disasters†, you are automatically signalled that something bad is bound to happen at some point during A View from the Bridge. Eddie Carbone works as a longshoreman in New York. He lives with his wife Beatrice, and his niece Catherine. Eddie proves to be the protagonist within the first page of A View from the Bridge, of which is chorused by Alfieri (an ageing lawyer). From this, it is rather easy to acknowledge that Eddie is going to play a domineering role, and quite obviously the hero in this Greek Tragedy comparison. As I have previously mentioned, masculinity is highly important, and particularly important to Eddie. Being the utmost respected and powerful man proves rather essential to him during the play, as gives him domination over the household females. An example of this would be in Act Two, just after Eddie rings the immigration bureau. â€Å"Get them out the house†¦ Not tomorrow, do it now. †. Here he is giving Catherine orders in a rather authoritative manor, and this is a prime example of the way he speaks to the female characters. Eddie has incestuous desires for his niece, Catherine. This continues to be an ongoing problem throughout the entire play. It is quite clear to recognise Eddie’s feelings toward Catherine from the opening scene. When Catherine enters, Eddie is overly keen to know where she is going due to the way she is dressed (short skirt etc); he questions her before becoming complimentary about her appearance, because he is obviously panicking that she has dressed herself specifically to impress another male. Eddie quite clearly feels that as a man, he has a right to inquire when he feels necessary; possibly using this to conceal the fact he wants nothing more than direct control of Catherine’s life. â€Å"Beautiful† he quotes Catherine when observing her new hairstyle. Through the whole of A View from the Bridge, Eddie does not pay Beatrice one single compliment, which seems rather obscure, suggesting he has more admiration for his niece than his wife. Catherine constantly seeks Eddie’s approval, repeatedly asking him â€Å"You like it? about the way she looks. This tells the audience that Eddie has brought Catherine up to believe his opinion is always necessary, relating to the idea of masculinity and the dominance possessed by the household male. The actual reason Catherine dressed herself differently was due to the fact that she has been newly employed as a stenographer: somebody who specializes in the transcription of speech. Yet again, Eddie has something to sa y about the fact that Catherine has a job. â€Å"You can’t take no job. Why didn’t you ask me before you take a job? are his exact words when telling her rather directly how he sees the situation. He is implying that she should of asked for his permission before taking the job, and has disobeyed him by not doing so. This goes back to the idea of him being manly and sustaining his authorities. However, I do not think this is the only reason he doesn’t want Catherine taking the job. It is quite clear to see Eddie has more feelings for his niece than he should have, although during the first half of A View from The Bridge I don’t think he has discovered this for himself. From pinpointing that Eddie was overly bothered about the length of Catherine’s skirt, and her getting a job, it is clear for the audience to absorb that he does not want her to grow up, as this could possibly mean letting go and giving Catherine more independence than preferable. Although Eddie beholds a rather harsh identity, he proves himself a warm and welcoming man when his wife’s cousins immigrate to America in search of employment. Marco and Rodolfo are introduced into the household: quoting â€Å"You’re welcome Marco, we got plenty of room here†, Eddie comes across as a very considerate person. Marco greets Eddie with a firm shake to the hand, however Rodolfo does not. A hand shake is a typically manly gesture, and throughout the play it soon becomes clear that Rodolfo does not fit the stereotypical figure of a man. Eddie expects a man to be a breadwinner, to have obvious physical strength, power and domination. Rodolfo appears to not possess any of these qualities, of which soon proves a serious problem to Eddie. â€Å"Paperdoll.. chorus girl.. kid.. hit-and-run-guy†: these are just a minority of the nicknames given to Rodolfo throughout A View from the Bridge. Rodolfo shows himself as a man that does not fit all the categorical standards of a typical male, and as the play goes on we see how this controversial character shines a negative reflection onto Eddie, bringing him nothing but utter aggravation. Rodolfo likes to cook, sing, dance, and even make dresses. These feminine qualities that he possesses cause Eddie to become suspicious about his sexuality, although Miller makes it quite clear that Rodolfo is not a homosexual, when his relationship with Catherine begins to bloom. To Eddie’s dislike, Catherine takes an immediate shine to Rodolfo. When she asks him â€Å"You married too? †, it is quite clear she’s interested in him. Eddie is not in favour of Catherine becoming close to Rodolfo, and he clearly tries to discourage what he does by calling him petty nicknames. Underneath the front that Eddie puts on about hating Rodolfo, I think ,secretly, he is particularly jealous of him. The play is set in the 1950’s, and therefore there was a lot of pressure on men to live up to the expectations and be the typical male. Rodolfo is not afraid to be himself, even if it does go against all rules of typicality. In my opinion, Rodolfo is a very brave character for doing so: he has no fear of being judged, and I think Eddie is intimidated by this. Eddie has never known any different, and so he is automatically against this new idea of a man being slightly feminine. This tells us Eddie cannot cope with change, relating back to when I mentioned how he is unable to come to grips with the fact Catherine is maturing and becoming less reliant on him. In Act Two, a drunken Eddie makes the ridiculous decision to kiss both Catherine AND Rodolfo. He clearly does this in an attempt to clear all cobwebs, and try to see through to the truth about Rodolfo’s sexuality. Unfortunately for Eddie, he only comes to discover that Rodolfo is nothing more than a heterosexual . I also believe this was an act of bare desperation; Eddie could not think of any other way of getting through to Catherine how he feels, and obviously believed this was the only way to put a stop to her and Rodolfo’s relationship once and for all. However, the scene proves Rodolfo to be more manly than Eddie thought, when Rodolfo demands â€Å"Stop that! Have respect for her! †. Respect is an important quality for a man to have , especially in A View from the Bridge. Although saying this, when Eddie â€Å"pins his arms† (Rodolfo), it again goes back to the idea that Rodolfo fails in the physical department of manliness. This scene is a turning point for the audience, as from this they now know rather exactly how Eddie feels towards Catherine, and how insanely jealous he truly is of her and Rodolfo’s relationship. This is a serious downfall for Eddie, telling you that he is getting progressively closer to his Greek Tragedy ending. As an audience, it is evidently apparent that Marco is in complete contrast to his brother, Rodolfo. Straight away he is thought of as a real man: â€Å"Marco goes round like a man; nobody kids Marco†. This is quoted by Eddie, who quite obviously knows where he stands with Marco, and seems rather threatened by the fact that there are now two dominant male figures in the household. This goes back to when I mentioned how there is always a secret fight to be top of the hierarchy: it is just never made official. It is unnecessary for Marco to prove his manliness verbally, due to the fact that his physicality speaks for him. He demonstrates his strength in a rather protective manor, when he strains to lift a chair directly above Eddie’s head. He does this as a discrete warning, cautioning Eddie to leave his brother alone. When Eddie punches Rodolfo at the end of Act One, he makes it out to be a joke, but Marco is not silly, and clearly knows that it was nothing more than a camouflaged threat made toward Rodolfo. Marco uses physical communication; alerting Eddie that if need be, physically, he will always come out on top. When Marco does this, the other characters are oblivious to the fact that it was meant as a threat. However, the audience would be able to recognise exactly what Marco was implying; the staging would portray the shadowed aggressiveness of the gesture, and build serious tension. It would also add to the hostile atmosphere, that had been previously created by Eddie. Alfieri is another example of a conventionally masculine character. His predominate role in the play proves him an honest, helpful and firm man. The fact that he is a lawyer also tells you as an audience, that he possess a lot of power. I think the title of the play (A View from the Bridge), was in fact based around the role of Alfieri. It is as if he is playing God in this tragedy; he has the ability to look over and judge the situation, but remains un-bias and uninvolved (possibly a skill he has developed from his job). Alfieri has a view from the bridge, and is looking down on a fateful occurrence (Greek Tragedy) that he cannot prevent from happening. Just after Eddie’s death, Alfieri quotes â€Å"something perversely pure calls to me from his memory†. Due to the fact that Alfieri has been such an honest and trustworthy character throughout, this line could sway the audience into realizing that maybe there was a good side to Eddie, as well as bad. Eddie had a rather double-sided personality. Although his love for Catherine got the better of his character, underneath it was quite recognisable that he was generally a caring man that looked after his family very well. He was born poor, and worked hard as a longshoreman to ensure he was able to provide for his wife and niece. The background of the author himself (Arthur Miller), most probably had strong influential effects on the way A View from the Bridge was written. For example, his mother and father were polish immigrants; this relates to the storyline of A View from the Bridge, as Marco and Rodolfo are also immigrants. Miller obviously has a clear view of what he expects a man to be. He has made the main character (Eddie) a very typical man: domineering, strong, and respected by all. If Eddie’s death was a tragedy, then in Millers eyes he was obviously the hero of the play. Miller was born in 1915, and therefore raised around people who too, believed that these qualities were necessary if you were to be considered a real man. A View from the Bridge is a play largely involved in the historical/cultural context of the early 20th century. The ‘American Dream’ correlates directly to the storyline of A View from the Bridge. The American Dream is basically the idea that all humans are of an equal worth, and that all people should do things that give them a quotably â€Å"better, richer, and happier life. â€Å". Eddie’s perception of Rodolfo goes against this idea of the American Dream, because he believes that Rodolfo deserves to be lower in status than him, just because he is not the typical man. When Catherine begins to take an interest in Rodolfo, Eddie does his best to prevent their relationship progressing. â€Å"Don’t lay another hand on her unless you wanna go out feet first† are his exact words when thinking only of oneself. He is very selfish by doing this, and is potentially forbidding Catherine from living the American Dream (happier life). The Sicilian code of honour is another historical policy that relates to A View from the Bridge. The Sicilian code is basically a firm rule of extreme loyalty, solidarity and justice. The Mafia in the early 1900’s followed this code rather closely, for example: if someone was to hurt or even threaten a member of your family, you were to honour them and take an immediate action of revenge. The mafia’s law would justify the murder of Eddie Carbone, due to the fact Marco killed him purely because he posed a threat to Rodolfo. The female characters in A View from the Bridge are the main victims of hostility, manliness, and aggression in this play; Catherine in particular. Due to the fact that Eddie highly dislikes Rodolfo, there is a constant hostile atmosphere present within the household. Catherine is made to feel like she must choose between Eddie and Rodolfo, which again causes hostility. This is not a typical father/daughter relationship; it is clear for the audience to see this from the way Eddie behaves when Catherine and Rodolfo are together. Eddie lives in denial about the fact that he is in love with Catherine, and uses fury to disguise it. When Alfieri figures that Eddie has these strong feelings for his niece, he says â€Å"She can't marry you can she? â€Å"; Eddie does not know how to respond to this and again attempts to hide how he feels for Catherine by getting overly angry, â€Å"I don't know what the hell you're talkin' about! â€Å". The audience are affected by this as, making you pity Catherine and the awkward position she is in. Beatrice suffers from this also, as Eddie is her husband. In one scene they argue about sex, because Beatrice is receiving hardly any attention from Eddie due to his aggression and confidentiality throughout the play. Eddie is constantly taking his anger out on Beatrice, yet she never complains. However, in one scene she has clearly had enough and decides to stand up for herself and go against Eddie. â€Å"I want you to cut it out now, you hear me? I don’t like it! Now come in the house. † To this I think Eddie is quite startled, and replies with â€Å"I’ll be in right away†. Beatrice knows full well that Eddie has more feelings for Catherine than he should: â€Å"You want somethin' else, Eddie, and you can never have her! â€Å". In this quote I think jealously is getting the better of Beatrice, as she describes Catherine as a thing, rather than a person.

Moksha and Salvation

Since the fall of man and the manifestation of sin, a wedge was placed between God and man. Man has strived to establish a reconnection with God through a variety of sources. Salvation is the source or bridge that connects man to God. Every religion has its own philosophy concerning the path of salvation. â€Å"The goal of most Indian religions is to break the cycle of karma and samsara and be free from the burden of life. This breaking of life is called Moksha† (Hopfe & Woodard, 2009, [pg. 85]). Moksha is the Hindu term used which liberates the soul from karma . This liberation can be experienced through death or while one is yet living. In observing the Hindu concept of salvation in comparison to Christianity, there are some similarities as well as differences. It is the Hindu belief that salvation, referred to as Moksha â€Å"can be obtained through three paths: knowledge (inana), devotion (bhakti), ritual works or karma† (McDowell & Stewart, 2006). These are the three concepts that illustrate the differences and similarities in both religions of how salvation can be attained. In observing the similarities, the first similarity is the theory that salvation can be attained through knowledge. This type of knowledge is spiritual. In Hinduism it is believed that â€Å"Humans basic problem is not wickedness but ignorance. People are ignorant about the true nature of reality and believe that they are separated from Brahman† (Hope& Woodard, 2009, [pg. 105]). In the Hindu society, it is only when Moksha is obtained that one is able to see life from a clear perspective. According to Upanishads, â€Å"When true knowledge of the illusion of life is realized, one can be freed from the bondage of life and achieve unity with Brahman† (Hope& Woodard, 2009, [pg. 89]). In contrast, in Christianity Satan is referred to as a liar and a deceiver. It is his duty to distort the minds of God’s children and cause them to lose focus of their divine purpose on the earth. He creates the illusion that that there is no Hell and neither is there a God. Thus, many of God’s people continue to live destructive lifestyles as if they will live forever. The second similarity that both Christianity and Hinduism share is the belief that its liberation cannot be found in earthly things. Believers of both religions are challenged to disregard earthly things and esteem heavenly things. In a world that is so full of hate, suffering, misfortune and tragedy; people are on desperately searching to fill some type of void. From a Hindu perspective, â€Å"Humans do not recognize the Brahman but instead try to cling to the objects of life-which are like mirages-they keep slipping away from our grasp† (Hopfe &Woodard, 2009, [pg. 05]. Many Christians find themselves plagued with the same problem; they begin to chase after the things of the world rather than the things of God. Concerning material things Griffiths states, â€Å"There are four ends of life, pleasure (kama), wealth (artha), duty (dharma) and liberation. The modern world recognized the first three but has lost sight of the last, yet without this goal of final liberation, of ultimate transcendence, all the other goals lead to frustration. †¦. (Griffiths, 1982, pg. [66]). It is only when one comes to the realization that the world and all it has to offer is temporary, and can’t bring true fulfillment; will they then center their priorities on things eternal. Though the similarities of salvation are quite similar, when comparing both religions; there are also some major differences. One of the major differences between how both religions perceive salvation is that Hinduism teaches that salvation must be earned. The theory â€Å"what goes around, comes around is what the religion is centered around. Through karma, or doing good things; one can either gain salvation or escape reincarnation. However, Christianity teaches that all of our works are just like filthy rags. In Christianity it is taught that salvation is given through grace. Ephesians 2: 8-9 says, â€Å"For it is by grace you have been saved, through faith-and not this from yourselves, it is the gift of God- not by works, so that no one can boast† (NIV, 2007, Ephesians 2:8-9). The most profound difference is that that Hinduism recognizes no single path to gaining salvation As stated previously, â€Å"Moksha can be obtained through three paths: knowledge (inana), devotion (bhakti), ritual works or karma (McDowell & Stewart, 2006). Another method of attaining freedom is through the exercise of Yoga. Through various Yoga exercises one seeks to connect with Brahman. In contrast, the path to salvation in Christianity requires one simple confession; this confession is found in Romans 10:9: â€Å"That if you confess ith your mouth â€Å"Jesus is Lord† and believe in your heart that God raised him from the dead, you will be saved† (NIV, 2007, Romans 10:9). Jesus Christ is the way to salvation none can attain it any other way, for He said, â€Å"I am the way, the truth and the life†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (NIV, 2007, John 14:6). In summary, the path to salvation is sought in various ways through both Hinduism and Christianity. Each individual in these religio ns are in search for something that they realize the world can’t offer. It is only when one understands this simple concept that the path to freedom begins.

To play fairly means that we must always abide by the rules of the game, as written in the rule book Essays

To play fairly means that we must always abide by the rules of the game, as written in the rule book Essays To play fairly means that we must always abide by the rules of the game, as written in the rule book Essay To play fairly means that we must always abide by the rules of the game, as written in the rule book Essay Fair play is, the adherence to criteria of fairness implied by the idea of mutual quest for excellence'(Keating, J., Sportsmanship as a Moral Category, Ethics, Vol.75 (1964), pg 25-35 This report is intended to critically discuss the title statement, with the objective being to persuade the reader that a competitive game can be played fairly even when the rules are not strictly abided by. The following report will contain sufficient academic referencing to underpin the arguments, which have been clearly stated. Athletes, in modern times, are professionals, Paid for ones skill'(English dictionary, geddes et al, 1998, pg 170). This means like any other job they are paid to complete a task, in football it is to score more goals, cricket the aim is to score more runs and rugby a higher points score is the objective. In modern times sport has moved away from the inherited value that its not winning or losing but how you played the game because in a professional environment this is clearly a total fallacy. Using the same standards it could be argued that one may say of a surgeon it matters not whether the patient lives or dies but only how he makes the cut (Forest Evashevski, Sports Illustrated, 1957, pg 119) The rules, which aim to standardise games, are often open to interpretation, for instance in cricket the umpire must decide in a matter of seconds weather a ball, travelling at 100 miles per hour is definitely going to hit the stumps, dependant upon where the ball pitches, deviation and distance from the stumps, this rule is often not adhered to correctly and the incorrect decision is given frequently. These decisions can determine whether a team who are clearly superior to the opposition, may lose the game. It would not be appropriate to class the winning team a team that played unfairly to win, because the result was due to poor umpire decisions. It would also be totally unprofessional for a batsman to walk from the crease, if he had hit the ball and been caught out by the wicket keeper. The player is entitled to wait for the umpires decision and invariably it is a very tough decision, as the deviation of the ball from the bat is minimal. This has been illustrated recently in the Ashes test series between Australia and England, when Michael Vaughan didnt walk when Justin Langer caught him out. During an average F.A Premier league football match the referee will make numerous incorrect decisions, for example deliberate and accidental handball. Is the team, who have been awarded a penalty acting unfairly by accepting the penalty awarded, even if they agree that the handball was accidental. A competitive game is governed by sets of rules which cannot be broken, i.e if the whole ball crosses the goal line into the net a goal is awarded. This is a rule which is hard to referee, human error is part of the game yet not stated in the rule book. If a team were to score a legitimate goal which the referee rules out, later for video replays showing the ball clearly crossing the line, is the winning team instructed to replay the match because of an unfair advantage. Any situation which is officiated by humans will incur non consistent ruling, as a result of human error. Players will always take advantage of this, as ween in the quarter finals of the world cup. Diego Maradona scored the winning goal, but replays show that the ball was deliberately handled in projecting it over the England goalkeeper. Argentina went on to win the World Cup and will be remembered as the champions of 86. The only nation to remember the incident is England. Ole gunner Solskjear(Manchester United) was chasing Robert lee (Newcastle United) in the last minute of a game, which Manchester united were leading by a single goal. Realising that he wasnt going to get the ball fairly solskjear committed a deliberate foul. Newcastle were awarded a free kick and solskjear was sent off. In breaking the rules Manchester United won the game. Yet in the same game many other fouls were committed by both teams so the same rule had been broken a number of times, upholding the theory that if everyone is breaking the rules then the game is fair, winning is the sole purpose of a football match. To suggest that breaking rules is unfair cannot be argued convincingly as sometimes rules are not broken and still a team is deemed to have not have acted in a fair manner, Sheffield United Vs Arsenal F.A Cup. In this instance the ball was played over the touchline for an Arsenal player to receive treatment. The unspoken rule states that player throws the ball back to the opposition sporting behaviour. Arsenal disregarded this and from the resulting throw Arsenal scored. Even though no rule was broken Arsenal were still seen to be acting unfairly, therefore fairness cannot solely be associated with rules. Australia have the best facilities for coaching cricketers, the cricket is well funded at junior level and the coaching aids are more advanced than most other cricketing countries, this together with a favourable climate coalesce to ensure the Australians are superior to any other cricketing nation. It could be argued that this gives them an unfair advantage over other cricketing nations who are less affluent and therefore unable to supply the same level of facilities. It would be unfeasible to ever suggest that a game was perfectly fair between two teams in a competitive situation. This suggests that games begin unfairly so why should rules not be broken to even the contest. In 1978 F.I.F.A, the international football governing body, introduced an award known as the Fair Play award. This was intended to encourage teams to play the game in a manner, which displays respect, sportsmanship and adherence to rules. In the seven tournaments which have occurred since, only twice has the fair play award been won by the winning team. This statistic supports the old adage that nice guys finish last. The world cup is a tournament played by professional sportsmen, whose aim is to win the tournament. The question a coach must ask before the tournament begins is one of priority. Which award brings a nation more respect, winning the world cup or achieving second place but winning the F.I.F.A Fair Play Award?. The question is rhetorical. The theory can be supported by asking anyone who won the fair play award at the previous world cup chances are the answer will be dont know. In contrast asking the question Which nation are the current World Champions? most people are likely to answer Brazil. Therefore it is tolerated that the best teams dont always abide by the rules. Conclusion The fundamental motive, which drives professional athletes to participate in activities, which are outside the laws of the game, is money, the second most influential aspect associated with foul play is that high level competitive sport is very competitive and the standard is much higher, this drives athletes to discover ways in which they can gain an advantage.

Definition and Examples of Elocution in English

Definition and Examples of Elocution in English Elocution is the art of effective public speaking, with particular attention to the clear, distinct, and socially acceptable pronunciation  of words. Adjective: elocutionary. In classical rhetoric, delivery (or actio) and style (or elocutio) were considered separate divisions of the traditional rhetorical process. See: rhetorical canons. Etymology:  From the Latin, utterance, expression Pronunciation:  e-leh-KYU-shen Also Known  As:  elocutio, style Examples and Observations The word elocution means something quite different to us from what it meant to the classical rhetorician. We associate the word with the act of speaking (hence, the elocution contest)... But for the classical rhetorician, elocutio meant style. ...All rhetorical considerations of style involved some discussion of choice of words, usually under such headings as correctness, purity..., simplicity, clearness, appropriateness, ornateness.Another subject of consideration was the composition or arrangement of words in phrases or clauses (or, to use the rhetorical term, periods). Involved here were discussions of correct syntax or collocation of words; patterns of sentences (e.g. parallelism, antithesis); proper use of conjunctions and other correlating devices both within the sentence and between sentences...A great deal of attention was paid, of course, to tropes and figures.(Edward P.J. Corbett and Robert J. Connors, Classical Rhetoric for the Modern Student. Oxford University. Press, 199 9)​ The Elocutionary MovementVarious factors contributed to heightened interest in the study of elocution in both the 18th and 19th centuries. Numerous scholars recognized that traditional students interested in the ministry or the bar were lacking effective speaking skills, and attempts were made to overcome these deficiencies. Beginning in England and continuing in the United States, elocution became the main focus of rhetoric during this time. . . .In studying elocution, students were primarily concerned with four things: bodily gestures, voice management, pronunciation, and vocal production (the actual formation of the sounds of speech). (Brenda Gabioud Brown, Elocution. Encyclopedia of Rhetoric and Composition: Communication From Ancient Times to the Information Age, ed. by Theresa Enos. Taylor Francis, 1996)The Principal Parts of ElocutionElocution (elocutio) . . . is the proper exposition of the appropriate words (idonea verba) and thoughts (idoneae sententiae) suitable to the th ings invented and arranged (res inventae et dispositae).Its principal parts are elegance, dignity, and composition . . .. Elegance is sensed most frequently in words and thoughts; dignity in the brilliance of the figures of words and thoughts . . .; and composition in the joining of words, in the period, and in the rhythm. (Giambattista Vico, The Art of Rhetoric (Institutiones Oratoriae), 1711-1741, trans. G. A. Pinton and A. W. Shippee, 1996)The clear enunciation of separate words and their elements.The just expression of the sense of words in connected discourse.Appropriate gesture, comprehending under this head the attitude, motions, and aspect of countenance most suitable to lend animation and force to speech. The Requisites of a Good DeliveryElocution is the art of delivering written or spoken language in the way best calculated to express the sense, beauty, or force of the words employed by the speaker.The requisites of a good delivery are:(Alexander Kennedy Isbister, Outlines of Elocution and Correct Reading, 1870)Lord Chesterfield on Becoming a Fine SpeakerThe vulgar look upon a man, who is reckoned a fine speaker, as a phenomenon, a supernatural being, and endowed with some peculiar gift of Heaven; they stare at him, if he walks in the park, and cry, that is he. You will, I am sure, view him in a juster light, and nulla formidine [without apprehension]. You will consider him only as a man of good sense, who adorns common thoughts with the graces of elocution, and the elegance of style. The miracle will then cease; and you will be convinced, that with the same application, and attention to the same objects, you may most certainly equal, and perhaps surpass, this prodigy. (Philip Stanho pe, letter to his son, February 15, 1754) Teachers of ElocutionIf there is a word more repellent than all others to an actor, or to the descendant of actors, it is the word elocution. It is saying a good deal, but, probably, outside of patent medicines, there is no humbug so great as characterizes nine tenths of elocution teaching. Men and women utterly incapable of speaking one sentence naturally undertake to make public speakers. What is the result? Pulpit, bar, rostrum, and stage teem with speakers that mouth, orate, rant, chant, and intone, but are never natural. It is a grievous evil. That elocution can be taught I have no doubt, but I know that most teachers are to be shunned as you would shun the plague.(American journalist and actress Kate Field, quoted by Alfred Ayres in Acting and Actors, Elocution and Elocutionists: A Book About Theater Folk and Theater Art, 1903)

Fashion in different times Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fashion in different times - Research Paper Example The fashion trend that became popular in the 1960s faded away, but others remain engrained in the social â€Å"fabric† and space age clothing and miniskirts are examples of the surviving trends. Today’s fashion is more laid back as far as political and social expression is concerned than it was in retrospective times people rarely use fashion to express political or social views, but mostly to assert their individuality. This paper will examine the fashion scenes in the  1960s and today and attempt a comparative analysis contrasting and comparing the two periods in respect to dress and fashion. In some ways, the fashion scene has remained the same and one can even claim the 1960s are the motivation for much of today’s dress culture. During this period, jeans became very popular especially among the youth who wanted something comfortable practical and which would feel natural. However, the use of leather and animal skin to make clothing items has come under sharp criticism by animal right activist and environmentalists result it is not as popular as it was then. As such, many youths would wear tie and dye t-shirts and jeans, today jeans are still a dominant feature of fashion, despite the many adjustments and improvements, a pair of battered or new jeans from the 1960s would easily fit into the wardrobe of a teenager today. Furthermore, another Similarity was that the brightness and liberalness of the clothes, miniskirts worn then would scandalize many modest modem day women. In the 1960s, people were not afraid to experiment with colors and the same trend seems to have taken root in modern fashion with colors and flower patterns seemingly being fashionable (â€Å"Fashion Trends for Spring/ Summer 2012†). This is in sharp contrast to retrospective (pre -1960s), conservative colors and designs. According to Glamour magazine, 2012 spring runways looked a lot like Lady Gaga’s concerts in that the designs were liberal with the colors and

Play (The Zoo Story) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Play (The Zoo Story) - Essay Example It didn’t make a lot of sense to me. I had trouble understanding the way that Jerry talked. It seemed like he was crazy and abstract. I wanted him to get to the point. I sympathized a lot more with Peter. He seemed to be a character that was a lot more like me. I often find it annoying when strangers strike up conversations with me about nothing. In the course of these kinds of conversations, I often try to figure out what the other person wants. In this play, I kept wondering what Jerry wanted. Nothing he was saying had any kind of point. That for me was disorientating at first. After finishing the play, I began to understand that Jerry is really seeking fellow feeling and understanding. He is trying to create a narrative of his life that will help him find meaning. He is obviously not very good at this, and the surprise ending at the end of the play, where Jerry is impaled on the knife is the best example of this. In a way, Jerry is so out of tune with the world that he can’t live in it anymore. He seeks friendship and understanding—and so he has to die in this way. He can’t simply kill himself alone—he needs to have that human connection. I think that is why, in part, he makes sure that Peter picks up the knife. The idea of the zoo is important. It is clear that the author of the play thinks that people are too often trapped in their own cages by social norms and unable to escape and actually talk to one another in a normal way. I found this to be an interesting and thought-provoking play. It surprised and challenged me. I would like to read more works by Edward Albee and read other playwrights from this era in American history. Overall, I enjoyed this course. I found it invigorating and stimulating. In general, the professor was extremely approachable and it was clear that he had a real appreciation and interest in the subject matter. I now see things in a different light and I intend to go to the theatre for pleasure.

Individual vs Circumstance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Individual vs Circumstance - Essay Example lity can play a significant role in the history not only when it is more or less adequately expresses (or seeks to express) the interests of the masses, but also when it is guided by purely abstract ideas and ideals, and sometimes even only by its personal interests and ambitions that cannot be rationally confessed by itself. Modern investigators show Lenins personality from different points of view. For a long time Soviet ideology praised Lenin as a role-model person for soviet people, showing him as "the most humane man" and the liberator from the bourgeois-landlord oppression. From the other hand, many writers and historians show Lenin as unprincipled politician, organizer of fratricidal slaughter and starvation, as inspirer of extrajudicial executions and blame him in collapse of his social experiment. Vladimir Ulyanov-Lenin came from a family of progressive Russian intellectuals: his father worked as a teacher, was an inspector, and then a director of public schools in the province of Simbirsk, and his mother knew several foreign languages, played the piano well and had a tutor diploma. From his early childhood Lenin exhibited the traits of someone who needed to show others how to do things (Tumarkin, 64). His outlook during first periods of his youth was influenced by family upbringing and parents’ example. He also was under the influence of revolutionary and democratic ideas and learned about the existence of Marxist theory from his brother Alexander Ulyanov, who was later executed for participation in plotting of the assassination on Russian Tsar Alexander III. At the university young Ulyanov established links with the revolutionary-minded students, but then he was arrested for active participation in student gathering in December 1887 and later he was expelled from the University of Kazan and exiled to the village of Kokushkino, where he lived under the secret police surveillance spending his time on self-education. So Lenin’s personality was formed

Abortion Issues in Midwifery

Abortion Issues in Midwifery This topic has been chosen to examine in detail the impact of law and ethics upon nursing practice and midwifery, including the ethical dilemmas that face nurses and midwives on a day-to-day basis. It is thereby demonstrated that despite the governance of health professional practice by bodies such as the Royal College of Nursing and the United Kingdom Central Council for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting, ethics and law play a very important role, and health professionals must always act within the law to avoid legal actions being brought against them. The various schools of thought in relation to ethics are also examined and utilisation of the same via decision-making models. In relation to the general ethical dilemmas which face nurses and other healthcare workers in practice, Fletcher et al 1 discuss the ethical principles, explaining that although all health professionals face such dilemmas during practice, a multi-disciplinary approach has to be adopted in solving ethical problems. Fletcher et al outline the main ethical principles applicable to nursing ethics as the principle of respect for persons, respect for autonomy, justice, beneficence and non-maleficence. Fletcher et al explain that the origins of moral philosophy date from 600 BC, and that the two most influential schools of thought are consequentialism and deontology. Consequentialism is explained as the justification of an action by examining the consequences of undertaking that action. Branching out from this school of thought are the various approaches, the first explained is teleological theories or unilitarianism, associated with the philosophical writings of Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. Fletcher et al state that Mill stipulated that the utility or ‘happiness’ principle stated that actions can only be regarded as moral if they promote the greater amount of happiness and the absence of pain. Thompson et al 2 explains this ideology as a means to try to justify moral principles with regard to an overall goal or sense of purpose in society, the purpose being the pursuit of happiness, which is ‘built in’ in man. They discuss that that this stemmed from Aristotle in 320 BC, and that this form of ethics is known as teleological eudaemonism, the former word referring to his belief in the ‘built in’ purpose in nature, and the latter word describing the quest for happiness. They further explain the significance to health care, as they are under a duty to try to prevent or reduce pain wherever possible and promote the health and well-being of patients. ______________________________________________________________________________ 1 ‘Ethics, Law and Nursing’ (1995) pp 7-17 2 ‘Nursing Ethics’, pp233-238 Thompson et al justify the means by which health professionals can evaluate what likely consequences of treatment may be including side-effects. As act unilitarianism, although they note that where health professionals have to take into account the wider responsibilities to the patient, the hospital, research or otherwise, then rule utilitarianism is more applicable. They conclude that this ideology emphasises the achievement of goals that are important to the context of human life, and the practical application of principles or rules and that consideration of the consequences of application are important to consider to determine whether a particular course is right or wrong. Fletcher et al set out the separate branches from this notion, ‘act’ and ‘rule’ utilitarianism. Firstly dealing with ‘act’ utilitarianism, this is explained as each action is to be considered according to the consequences that ensue from it, morality determined by examining whether the greatest good came from that act. In relation to ‘rule’ utilitarianism, this is described as following of the general basic rules being in existence, forbidding murder, theft etc, rather than looking at the consequences that may ensue from that action, as by following these rules the greatest good must ensue as a natural result. Fletcher et al also discuss ‘preference’ utilitarianism, as being the allowance of discretion of individuals in undertaking a certain action and to judge the morality of each with regard to their own judgement rather than following a rule or principle. This is plainly applicable to health practice. The second school of thought explained by Fletcher et al is deontology, explained as the promotion of the importance of compliance with a duty when undertaking an action, the consequences thereof being irrelevant when considering to take such an action. This is explained as stemming from religious justification, that the explanation of such duties are the ‘laws’ sent from God, as God can be relied upon to distinguish what is right and wrong. Fletcher et al discuss the contribution to the school of thought by Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher (‘Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals’) who stipulated that the basis of morality lay in the ‘categorical imperative’, a moral command, set by established moral laws. Following such moral rules is regarded as imperative, regardless of the consequences of an action taken in compliance. Fletcher et al emphasise that the deontological perspective reinforces the need to follow obligations, what ought to be done, and how, in a certain situation. The obligations that befall nurses are described as contractual, as part of the terms and conditions of employment; obligations similar to family ones are seen via the role of carer, though artificially created, and moral obligations, such as the obligation to respect patient confidentiality, patient’s autonomy, to do good (beneficence) and to do no harm (non-maleficence). Fletcher et al explain that these obligations can conflict in practice situations. The obligations of nursing staff must be balanced against the rights of the individual as patients, as enshrined in The Patient’s Charter, effective from April 1992. Thompson et al further explain that deontological theories can also be distinguished into act deontology and rule deontology, the former being based upon the ability of an individual to impose their own moral duty into a situation when considering whether to take a form of action, and the latter being the emphasis upon moral duties and laws taking a universal form. They discuss the linkage of this school of thought to religious beliefs, as such rules can be argued as coming directly from God, as in the Ten Commandments. They do not discuss how this school applies to health practice, though it can be seen that this could be applied in paternalism (see below) when considering a patient’s autonomy. Religious writers such as J.F. Keenan, from the Catholic perspective 3 explain that there has been a turn to virtue ethics which has rejected the modern practice of establishing that morality is governed by human rights language, which is considered the extent to which the principle of autonomy can be exercised. Keenan states that virtue ethicists ask whether there is a character building nature to the proposed course of action and that all moral evaluations are subject to a three sided question, who are we, who ought we to become, and how can we get there? He further explains that virtue ethics considers that actions should be considered in the context of whether they will affect the type of person they will become by undertaking that action, rather than asking whether there is a right in a certain way. Fletcher et al discuss the issue of autonomy 4 as a basic principle that health professionals should always fully inform a patient about the diagnosis, forms of treatment available, and obtain his consent thereto, that is to treat him an an ‘autonomous being’. It is discussed that this may cause problems if the patient is mentally impaired or a minor, therefore it is recognised that there cannot be strict adherence to this principle, as patients would often not have the specialist knowledge to enable them to make a well-informed decision. The dilemma described in this instance is that the principle of autonomy can conflict with the principles of beneficence and non-maleficence. Fletcher et al explain that paternalism may be used quite often by health professionals, namely the belief that they can make a decision in terms of treatment on a patient’s behalf without considering their wishes or overriding the same. This is exercised in accordance with the principle of beneficence, though it is explained that usually patients are told and their wishes are taken into consideration. Fletcher et al 5 distinguish between legal rights and natural rights, the former enforceable via courts, and the latter deriving from natural law, originally thought of as coming from God, but in modern terms, has become enshrined in the concept of human rights, which have also become legal rights via the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948, itemising rights including the right to liberty and to life. ______________________________________________________________________________ 3 Catholic Medical Quarterly May 1992: Assisted Suicide and the Distinction Between Killing and Letting Die: J. F. Keenan 4 Ethics, Law and Nursing’ (1995) pp 35-56 5 (ibid) pp139-143 Fletcher et al 6 discuss the law governing abortion, stating that it is a criminal offence under section 58 of the Offences against the Persons Act (OPA) 1861 to unlawfully do any act with intent to procure a miscarriage, which made abortion illegal prior to the enactment of the Abortion Act (AA) 1967. Fletcher et al explain that the Abortion Act 1967 did not repeal this earlier Act, but set out grounds which specified when abortion was legal, as a defence to a charge of criminal abortion. They state that this has been amended by section 37 of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act (HFEA) 1990, which specify five grounds, including that a pregnancy has to be less than 24 weeks advanced; the risk or threat to the mother’s life, mental or physical health is too great to allow continuance of pregnancy; if there is a substantial risk that the child would be born with abnormalities rendering it severely handicapped; and, a unilateral act by a doctor to avert an immediate risk to the life or health of the mother. Fletcher et al explain the right of nurses to exercise a conscientious objection, for example to carrying out an abortion, the rights of which are enshrined under section 4 of the AA 1967 and the HFEA 1990, the former being the refusal to participate in an abortion, the latter a right to refuse to participate in any treatment defined by the Act. This can be utilised where the individual health worker’s personal moral code conflicts with such a practice. However, as stated by McHale and Tingle, 7 this must be actual participation in treatment, not a mere refusal to type a letter of referral 8. It is explained that such an individual can leave him/herself open to a legal action against him for an omission if there is a duty to act, though in practice this is rarely undertaken as another member of staff could perform the same treatment. Nursing staff may also record their objections to a specific course of treatment prescribed by another health professional on personal moral grounds, which might be affected by their contract of employment when the employers make decisions with regard to this. Additionally, Ann Young 9 states that the refusal of the health professional can be made unless the treatment is necessary to save life or prevent grave permanent injury to the physical or mental health of the mother. However, she criticises the ambiguity of the word ‘grave’ as this could constitute depression as well as a serious heart defect. In Selective Reduction and Feticide: The Parameters of Abortion 10, David Price emphasized that there is ambiguity in the use of the term of abortion by medical practitioners and lawyers alike. He noted that Glanville Williams’ definition of abortion 11 states that For legal purposes, abortion means feticide: the intentional destruction of the foetus in the womb or any untimely delivery brought about with the intent to cause the death of the foetus. ______________________________________________________________________________ 6 (ibid) 7 ‘Law and Nursing’ p 208 8 Jannaway v Salford AHA [1988] 3 All ER 1079 9 ‘Legal Problems in Nursing Practice’p 209 10 (1988) Sweet Maxwell Limited and Contributors: David P.T. Price 11 Textbook of Criminal Law, (2nd ed., 1983), p.292 In the context of non-consensual abortion, Price explains that this can occur where the death of a foetus was caused by an act of non-consensual violence upon a pregnant woman. He argues that this act may not necessarily fall within the definition of a criminal abortion under section 58 OPA 1861, and would rather be treated as an assault. He states that in the United States, courts are prepared to extend the crime of abortion, which is similar to section 58, to non-consensual assaults upon women resulting in foetal death 12 though in this case the man causing foetal death was charged with assault rather than foetal murder. Looking at an American viewpoint, in Bioethics and Medical Ethics 13, Thomas Platt considers that the emphasis on autonomy ignores the deeper metaphysical issue of the degree to which any human act can be regarded as freely chosen. He states that the scientific perspective purely states that human behavior is the result of genetic and environmental factors. He stipulates that it has to be the environment in which a person has been raised which will determine how a person will respond to a suggestion, for example abortion, and that in less technologically developed cultures, they would respond in a different way to the West. Verena Tschudin 14 explains ethical decision making models in many forms including Jameton’s model, which requires identification of the problem, gathering of data to identify options and make a decision to act and then assess the consequences thereof; Crisham’s model; initially ‘massaging’ the dilemma, outlining the options, reviewing the criteria, before the act and evaluation thereof and the Nursing process model, which requires assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation. The latter involves a series of questions at assessment level, planning identifies whether the ethical problem is a question of teleology or deontology, with a series of questions to follow, implementation requires consideration of whether one would like to receive the same treatment, and finally evaluation considers whether the act has solved the problem and what was gained, with a series of questions. In relation to the exercise of patient consent, this is described as an exercise of a patient’s autonomy. The UKCC’s guidelines re that the health professional must ‘explain the intended test or procedure to the patient without bias and in as much detail as the patient requires’, and that if no questions have been asked then the health professional should assess the amount of information the patient requires 15. It is explained that a nurse, as per Clause 1 of the UKCC Code of Professional Conduct must ‘act in such a way as to promote and safeguard the interests and well-being of patients and clients’. This is explained to go so far as stating his/her opinion that there has been insufficient information provided to the patient to render the same fully understandable to him and enable him to make a fully informed decision 16, which can affect the judgment given by a doctor. ______________________________________________________________________________ 12 Hollis v. Commonwealth 652 S.W. 2d 61 (Ky. 1983) 13 Medicine, Metaphysics and Morals: Thomas Platt: West Chester University 14 ‘Ethics in Nursing’ p 85-95 15 ‘Exercising Accountability’ 16 (ibid) It is explained further 17 that the principle of autonomy is enshrined in law as the right to self-determination. Written consent is usually provided before surgery, in a standard form from the Department of Health, which has been amended in 1991.The case law relating to consent stems from the general principle that every adult person of sound mind and body has a right to determine what happens to his body, and that a surgeon who performs an operation without his consent has committed an assault 18. However, this principle is heavily qualified is discussed. In the case of informed consent, where the patient is given insufficient information about the risks of a certain procedure, the patient must sue in negligence rather than in battery 19. Even the standard set in negligence is weighted heavily in favour of the health professional, as it has been ruled that a doctor is not guilty of negligence as he has acted in accordance with the accepted practice in that field by other doctors 20. This case was affirmed in Sidaway v Bethlem Royal Hospital 21, and in further subsequent cases such as Blyth v Bloomsbury AHA 22 and Gold v Haringey AHA 23, where the restrictive disclosure policy was supported by general medical opinion. It was highlighted that despite this, Lord Bridge has emphasised in Sidaway 24, that even if a health professional acts in accordance with general practice, the court may still take a decision that there has been non-disclosure of material facts. Specific problems are highlighted in the context of where a patient is incapable of providing consent, which is governed by law. The case law has established that a health professional must only do what is absolutely necessary to save the patient’s life, which does not include removal of a womb if it has been considered a further pregnancy would jeopardise the patient’s life 25. Therefore, it is argued that this principle of doing what is necessary to save a life overrides the right to autonomy 26. However, this does not extend to the life of a foetus in risk 27. Regarding accountability, Fletcher et al 28 states that the Code of Professional Conduct stipulates a registered nurse, midwife or health visitor is personally accountable for her practice, even off-duty. This ties in with the professional’s legal duty of care, as explained by Tingle Cribb 29, deriving from Donoghue v Stevenson 30, as the need to take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions that can be reasonably foreseen to injury a person affected by the acts or omissions, which can result in an action for negligence. Tingle Cribb state that the nurse has to weigh up the potential harm and benefit of the patient at that time, and reach the decision involving the least harm. ______________________________________________________________________________ 17 (Fletcher et al: ibid) 18 Schloendorff v Society of New York [1914] 19 Chatterson v Gerson [1981] 20 Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957] 21 [1985] 22 [1985] 23 [1988] 24 (ibid) 25 Devi v West Midlands AHA 26 Re T 27 Re F (in utero) [1988] 28 (ibid) pp104-129 29 ‘Nursing Law and Ethics’ p 13-19 30 [1932] The professional standards are maintained by the UKCC in the Code of Professional Conduct, and each nurse or midwife is under that duty, though they argue that this standard is set by the profession itself. In the case of an allegation of a breach of such a duty, the health professional can be subject to disciplinary action for misconduct. They explain that accountability merely requires a health professional to be able to justify their actions. Fletcher et al consider that it is important for the professional to have regard to the interests of patients and clients rather than purely the rules of the UKCC. Verena Tschudin 31 states that nurses have both a legal and moral accountability, which arises from patient autonomy. Fletcher et al discuss the dilemmas that may occur in healthcare practice, and where the health professional’s moral code is at odds with her duty, The Code of Professional Conduct stipulates that the professional must ensure that no action or omission by that person will be detrimental to the condition of the patient, which can be seen as the principle of non-maleficence. An example is provided that if the incorrect dose of medicine has been administered to a patient, then that health professional’s self-interest should not override her duty to disclose the error as this could not be argued to be in the patient’s best interests. In relation to professional competence, Fletcher et al state that The Code of Professional Conduct stipulates that a health professional must maintain and improve their professional knowledge and competence. As regards midwives, Fletcher et al state that they requirement is to attend a five-day refresher course, five approved study days every five years or another approved course. There has been an impact in the context of European Community (EC) legislation, as explained by Bridgit Dimond 32, the activities of a midwife are defined in EC Directive 80/155/EEC Article 4, including providing family planning advice to recognise warning signs of abnormalities necessitating doctor referral. Fletcher et al criticise the limitations of the Post-registration Education and Practice Project in 1990 for newly qualified nurses, and those returning to health care practice after five years, requiring five days study leave every three years and demonstration of professional knowledge and competence. However, since then, Ms Dimond has argued that Project 2000 has sought to integrate nurse clinical teaching and practice 33. Fletcher et al explain that ethical dilemmas can arise from the instructions provided by a senior member of staff, which does not accord with the health professional’s personal or moral beliefs. When making a decision on how to act, that professional will have to consider whether she is acting within the law, according to the Code of Professional Conduct, and also in the best interests of the patient as well as her own beliefs. They discuss the remedies available to patients or clients, which are a complaint to the UKCC which would result in a hearing before the Professional Conduct Committee; use of the formal Hospital Complaints Procedure; or a complaint to the nurse’s employer. ______________________________________________________________________________ 31 (ibid) p 116 32 ‘Legal Aspects of Nursing’ pp 444-457 33 (ibid) p 270 In conclusion, in the context of conscientious objections, it has been suggested that there should be ward-based abortions carried out only 34 in special units by professionals who have taken up such jobs as they do not have moral or ethical objections to abortion. Verena Tscudin 35 states that here is however, always a conflict between a nurse or midwife’s duty to preserve life rather than destroy it. The culmination of ethical perspectives in decision-making models assist the professional, though she must also always be mindful of her duty to the patient, the Code of Professional Conduct and the law. ______________________________________________________________________________ 34 Ann Young, p 209 35 (ibid) p 137 BIBLIOGRAPHY Bioethics and Medical Ethics :Medicine, Metaphysics and Morals: Thomas Platt: West Chester University Catholic Medical Quarterly May 1992: Assisted Suicide and the Distinction Between Killing and Letting Die: J. F. Keenan ‘Ethics in Nursing’ (2nd edition) 1992 (Butterworth/Heinemann) pp 85-95: Verena Tschudin ‘Ethics, Law and Nursing’ (1995) Manchester University Press pp 7-17; pp 35-56; pp 139-143: Fletcher et al ‘Legal Aspects of Nursing’ (2nd edition) 1995 (Prenctice Hall) pp 444-457: Bridgit Dimond ‘Legal Problems in Nursing Practice’(2nd edition) 1993 (Chapman Hall) p 209: Ann P.Young ‘Law and Nursing’ (2nd edition) 2001 (Butterworth/Heinemann) p 208: McHale and Tingle ‘Nursing Law and Ethics’1995 (Blackwell) pp 13-19: Tingle Cribb Selective Reduction and Feticide: The Parameters of Abortion ((1988) Sweet Maxwell Limited and Contributors: David P.T. Price ‘Nursing Ethics’(2nd edition) 1993(Churchill Livingstone), pp233-238: Thompson et al 104134 Legally Binding Undertaking 1. I Rebecca Asghar undertake that in line with my contractual obligations this work is completely and wholly original. 2. 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